Nutrino Project

INO project which has chosen Bodil hills On Stable rocks of Western Ghats has gained criticism and caused Inordinate delay since 2000. It would be Pertinent to Discuss under Concerns of Society , Scientific facts and Benefits to India from this project 
~Neutrino are sub atomic electrically neutral abundant , tiny non radioactive mass, formed by either Atmospheric Cosmic rays or by Neutrino factories .Such are fundamental particles .It is of three type electrons tau ,muon of which mass hierarchy is unknown as so is its conversion. Such low energy jhamrless passes every second and which is proposed to be evaluated by Iron magnetised calorimeter.

Concerns of Society/Petitioners

1 Such neutrino is being used for Nuclear weapons ,radioactivity ,
2 factory produced Neutrinos may be harmful Vis a vis to Atmopsheric neutrinos
3 Possibility of disaster and damage to people working at site due to high dosage of radiating
4Can damage acquifiers ,chemical presence in groundwater flows and Charnockite may get damaged due to it which is aquifers 
5It may harm rivers like periyar vaigai etc ,as it's source is such Acquifiers in Bodi hills 
6 Possibility of earth quake as happened due to Other labs 
7 High energy beam will be used 
Scientific facts 
1 Neutrinos are harmless and objective is to learn only neutrino through angle of Origin of universe . No strategic ,Nuclear, radioactivity purpose. Alternatively Neutrino may be potent tool to stop nuclear proliferation

2 Whether atmospheric or Factory made, will have same properties whites harmless its analogy can be taken as Photon produced from sun And bulb light are same and we use them both

3 100 trillion neutrinos passes every second from our body . Still for radiation purpose or High energy beam Of neutrinos adequate safeguards and experiment in remote areas is done .

4 Charnockinte is not aquifer but a rock mass . Also about their allegations/concerns MOEF also observed baseless, factually incorrect . Such usage of words may have intent to misled judge , or create doubt among community of civilians

5 Concerns of river also false as all 3 river are rained and no connection with acquire
6 Region selected is stable rock while Region with which comparison is made is techtonically active and also have karst region of limestone presence . Also wrong connection between Earthquake and Lab presence has been used 
7 high energy beam of photon is used as laser in everyday life , Despite it hazards Known. However Neutrino beam will be shielded [also it is harmless]
Benefits 
1 Can answer Universe origins , Neutrino oscillations [ one type of neutrino to morph in another type.tau to electron is not known while rest are known] . it is fundamental particle thus 
2 mass hierarchy question between 3 types of neutrinos will be known and further properties

Overall there is already much time wasted. Govt and authorities must develop consensus among people with FAQ , sheets ,seminars in order to hasten the Operations

Nano-drones may knock cholesterol out of bloodstream: study

Tiny nano-particles that act like miniature drones could deliver a knockout punch to plaque buildup in the arteries, according to an experimental approach described by US scientists on Wednesday.

So far the anti-cholesterol treatment has been tried only in lab mice, while the nano-particles themselves are in clinical trials for people with cancer. Many more safety tests lie ahead, but for now scientists are intrigued by the possibility of a new way to attack atherosclerosis, which leads to heart attacks and is a top killer in the United States and other developed nations.

The study led by Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Columbia University Medical Center is published in the February 18 issue of Science Translational Medicine. “This is the first example of a targeted nanoparticle technology that reduces atherosclerosis in an animal model,” said co-author Omid Farokhzad, associate professor at Harvard Medical School.

“Years of research and collaboration have culminated in our ability to use nanotechnology to resolve inflammation, remodel and stabilize plaques in a model of advanced atherosclerosis.” For this study, targeted nanomedicines were engineered to carry an anti-inflammatory drug payload, which released therapeutic agents at the target sites where plaque had built up.

Using mice with advanced hardening of the arteries, or atherosclerosis, researchers treated some for five weeks and compared them to untreated mice.

In those that received the nanomedicines, “damage to the arteries was significantly repaired and plaque was stabilised,” said the study.

But since mice do not have heart attacks, researchers will not know how effective the approach will be in humans until they try, and those trials could be years away.

Band-aid solutions for health problems

The Draft National Health Policy of 2015 released by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, is a comprehensive document. So comprehensive, in fact, that it says too little by saying too much. A National Heath Policy is commonly read as a political statement which is meant to provide a vision to the long-term health strategy for the country. The latest health policy speaks about a wide variety of issues that plague our health-care system — low public health expenditure, inequity in access, and poor quality of care. It also suggests a variety of ways to address them, mainly focussed around increasing government spending on health and expanding the public delivery system. However, the health policy fails to tackle head-on the core problem of the Indian health system — its management, administration and overall governance structure, without which the measures it suggests are merely symptomatic treatments, akin to putting a “Band-aid on a corpse.”

The policy draft itself provides evidence for this malaise. Russia and South Africa both spend a significantly higher amount on public health than India. In fact their spending is even higher than the target set by the draft health policy, yet they have life expectancies that are worse, as in the case of South Africa, or only marginally better, as in the case of Russia. On the contrary, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh are both countries that actually spend less on their healthcare (as a percentage of GDP) than India, yet both have better outcomes. Within India too, the draft policy notes that States with better capacity have utilised the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) funds more effectively, while States with poorer initial conditions have been left with worse outcomes. The fundamental difference lies in management and governance structures.

Criticality of administration

The evidence from the draft policy does not stand alone, and is, in fact, supported by a rich literature. Globally, research findings have highlighted the criticality of administration in improving health outcomes. Rajkumar and Swaroop in a 2008 study find that the effectiveness of public health spending in reducing child mortality depends on the level of perceived corruption. It is found that higher integrity is associated with reduced child mortality. Gupta et al in a 2000 paper show that corruption indicators (using Kaufman, Kraay and Zoido-Lobatón, 1999) are negatively correlated with child and infant survival, attended births, immunisation coverage and birth weight. These results are robust even after accounting for spending on public health, education, and urbanisation. In a study looking at the United Nations’s Millennium Development Goals, Wagstaff and Claeson in 2004 conducted an analysis which showed that across-the-board additions to government health spending have no significant effect on underweight children, maternal mortality, or tuberculosis mortality in poorly governed countries. They defined poorly governed countries as being one standard deviation below the mean score on the World Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) index. They estimated that for across-the-board spending to have a significant effect on outcomes such as malnutrition and tuberculosis mortality, the CPIA score for a country has to get above the population-weighted average of 3.5. India’s score in 2011 and 2012 was slightly below that threshold. Bannerjee and others in 2008 provided evidence from an experiment within India. They find that an incentive programme designed to increase nurse attendance in Rajasthan was initially successful but was eventually undermined by the local health administration and workers. They concluded that piecemeal attempts to improve health delivery would be ineffective until health system reform becomes a top priority for the stakeholders.

Governance structures

The weight of evidence clearly suggests that if we want our health outcomes to improve, the Indian health policy needs to focus on how its health system is governed and managed. While our people are among the best and brightest, long years of neglect and misgovernment have vitiated our public management systems with perverse incentives. It is easier and more sensible for people within the system to subvert their jobs — through chronic absenteeism, endemic corruption and private practice — than to actually do them. The draft policy mentions band-aids for a few of these problems, but it needs to prioritise and lay far greater focus on the critical issue of governance and management of the Indian health system.

Governance structures need to balance responsibility, flexibility and accountability (Feldman and Khademian, 2001) in order to carry out their functions. It is clear that our systems today, at best, fix responsibility, but do not provide flexibility and accountability — managers/bureaucrats need to do their jobs. A useful, and not entirely radical, model to consider would be the one pioneered in India by the Tamil Nadu Medical Services Corporation. It is a registered corporation set up by the Tamil Nadu government to procure drugs for the public health system. It is accountable to an independent board of directors which includes the health secretary. The corporation has an IAS officer as its managing director, and professionals and academics are hired or taken on deputation as deemed necessary. The model has proved so successful in improving drug supply in Tamil Nadu that several other States, including Kerala, have adopted it as the basis of their own governance structure.

A similar governance structure at the State level, albeit at a much larger scale, could be a suitable vehicle for the coming expansion of public delivery in primary and preventive healthcare in India. Present health workers and doctors who are employees of the government can be absorbed on deputation, while new hiring and capacity building can be carried out by the corporation. Thus, they will not be hampered by either restrictive government rules for employees, or the negative image that is associated with short-term contracts which became the favoured capacity building instrument for the NRHM. Internationally, this model is in fact already quite well established in the healthcare delivery space. The National Health Service of the U.K., one of the largest organisations in the world, already operates on a very similar model, with an executive board that is accountable to the secretary of health. Its mandate and targets are set by the government, but it operates as a largely independent entity. Finances are devolved to local health boards, which ‘purchase’ or contract NHS primary care providers and hospitals on a services rendered basis, ensuring accountability at the local as well as the highest levels.

Whether or not this specific type of model is adopted for healthcare delivery in India, the more fundamental point is that governance and management of any health system is a core determinant of its effectiveness. The National Health Policy of the Narendra Modi government should make it a prominent focus of reforms, thereby announcing a tectonic shift in India’s healthcare system.

(Shamika Ravi is Economist, Brookings Institution, India Center, and Rahul Ahluwalia is Research Associate, Institute for Financial Management and Research, Chennai.)

http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/bandaid-solutions-for-health-problems/article6914567.ece

India Israel Relations

Starting from 1991 with the break-up of Soviet Union and end of Cold War, Indo-Israel relations have improved substantially.

1. Defence sector has been guiding light in the development of relations.
2. From Buyer-Seller relationship, today India and Israel are moving towards Joint production of defence equipment, which dove tails well into India's 'Make in India' initiative and attaining strategic independence in defence equipment.
3.Relations are diversified to also include agriculture, nano-technology, space research and a understanding on counter-terrorism.
The above reasons and huge good will that India generates among Israeli population makes one to call them 'Natural Allies'.

But India should continue it's Multi-vectored approach towards its diplomacy and build multiple alliances and resist the temptation to call Israel as its natural ally because of the following reasons.
1. Iran, the Israel's natural enemy is the only possible land route to india to reach the resource rich Central Asia in case the situations in Afghanistan goes against Indian interests.

2, The presence of huge Muslim population in India requires it to maintain good relations with Arab world, which opposes Israel.
3. India needs the help of Saudi Arabia as much as Israel to counter terrorism.
4. Human right violations of Israel in Gaza and west Bank might become a head ache for India, which is so far a principled supporter of Palestine cause.
so for the above reasons, India's national interest is better served by building multiple alliances and leverages than proclaiming Isreal as its natural ally.

Brightening the future with the sun and wind

The Renewable Energy (RE) Global Investor’s Meet inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on February 15 invited participation in funding India’s RE growth ambitions, which include almost 1,00,000 MW of growth in solar power in just seven years (about 40 per cent of today’s total installed capacity) and some 50,000 MW of wind power. This is bold and ambitious to say the least. The event was a success, finding investment commitments for some 2, 60,000 MW of RE!

But a serious question facing Indians is whether at a time when most people are struggling to keep the lights on at home, because of the shortage of power, do citizens really care about carbon emissions and climate change, which have become the primary rationale for pushing green energy? Also if Indians are as notoriously price-sensitive as pundits claim, how much of a premium will they be willing to pay for RE?

Let’s not beat around the bush — RE, attractive as it might sound and improving in price performance every year, does require support. Support isn’t inappropriate, especially given the benefits of RE, but there are also externalities of another kind including implications for the rest of the grid. This needs deeper analysis.

Contextualising RE

In the West, utilities are already worrying about the Utility Death Spiral, where RE and storage and smart grids mean some consumers reduce, if not cut off, their utility purchases. This raises costs for the rest of the grid, which must still keep the system in balance and stable, and also serve the least profitable consumers. This prompts others to exit the system, and so on. While India isn’t quite there yet, we must first understand that an end consumer opting for RE and finding it worthwhile is based on his/her comparing retail tariff with generation costs, which aren’t comparable. First, distribution has its own costs, even after accounting for savings in distribution losses. Second, retail tariffs for so-called paying customers (especially commercial and industrial) are artificially high, since they cross-subsidise other users.

Renewables in India are different from renewables deployed in the U.S. and Europe, and understanding the differences is the key to viable policies. The triad of “usual” challenges of renewables remains in India, such as: intermittency/variability; location-specific potential (concentrated in areas sometimes away from consumers or the grid); and higher costs. However, there are specific differences and needs that demand deeper analysis for the long-term viability of renewable energy.

In India, our peak demand is mostly in the evening, and the sun surely isn’t very bright at 7 p.m. Storage technologies are niche and expensive today, so solar power helps with energy (kilowatt-hour) needs, but not with our capacity needs. Wind is not much better, given its seasonality.

One of the typical calculations that power systems operators do is estimate how much RE the grid can handle. Typical figures from elsewhere are in the range of 20-30 per cent, with more requiring significant investments in transmission or peaker plants. India is different because its grid is very weak and unstable, and instead of having a reasonable reserve margin (which is typically 15-20 per cent in the West), there is a shortfall in the grid, officially in the range of 5 per cent or so, but actually much higher. The grid is kept afloat through massive “load-shedding” (feeder-level cut outs of supply).

There are other technical reasons why the Indian grid is weak, including lack of ancillary services (systems designed to keep the grid stable, instead of just pricing kilowatt-hours), and even a lack of time-of-day pricing for bulk procurement of power. There are few peaker plants (which would operate only some 5-10 per cent of hours in a year), since there isn’t sufficient incentive for these. Without incentives for plants that can ramp up quickly but may not get used much, how will the grid handle 20 per cent renewables?

Even worse, the types of plants capable of fast ramping are limited in near-term growth in India — hydropower (due to land and social/environmental challenges) and natural gas (due to supply constraints). Hydropower has an additional constraint when considering peaking or storage — its additional duty for water management (irrigation) limits when water can be stored versus released. Also, natural gas has overwhelmingly been built for baseload needs (with combined cycle plants), which cannot meet peaking requirements.

Making RE sustainable

Renewables can and should play a greater role in our sustainable energy future, but we need proper accounting and specialised effort to understand their grid implications and scalability. As part of a recent book on Making Renewable Power Sustainable in India , launched by Piyush Goyal, Minister for Power, Renewables, and Coal, we at Brookings India identified a number of policy imperatives for making RE sustainable. While the technical details need working out, especially in terms of regulations, support and incentive mechanisms, grid management, etc., we also identified a need to ramp up skills and innovation. All solar cells are imported today — this shouldn’t remain so. The first step towards making RE sustainable is a nuanced examination of the issues and trade-offs, and dialogue among all the stakeholders, especially state utilities, which ultimately deliver electricity to consumers.

Renewables have a bright future, and must play a leading role in India’s power security and growth. They aren’t a silver bullet, but a vital tool in the broader spectrum of India’s energy future. Most importantly, renewables should not be viewed in isolation, as a drop-in supply-side solution, but rather as part of a transition if not transformation of the grid, which includes variable and dynamic pricing, distributed generation, storage technologies and smart grids. If RE is referred to as the energy source of the future, that future is well-nigh.

(Rahul Tongia is a Fellow at Brookings India, and Adjunct Professor at Carnegie Mellon University. He is also Advisor, Smart Grid Task Force, Government of India )

UNSC meet to discuss situation in Libya

The U.N. Security Council will meet on Wednesday to discuss the situation in Libya after the apparent IS execution of 21 Egyptian Christians, with Egypt’s Foreign Minister in attendance, diplomats said Tuesday.

The meeting follows the release of a videotape by the Islamic State group purportedly showing the mass beheading in Libya. Egypt launched retaliatory air strikes against IS targets in Libya on Monday.

Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry is in New York where he will also hold bilateral meetings with Security Council members and Arab representatives, diplomats said.

Egypt has asked the U.N. Security Council to provide a mandate for an international intervention in Libya, where fighting among rival militias has thrust the country into chaos.

France and Italy also called for a Security Council meeting to decide on “new measures” in Libya.

The meeting was scheduled for 3:00 pm (2000 GMT) on Wednesday and was to be followed by closed-door consultations.

Mr. Shoukry will lay out the situation in public before the council, Britain’s deputy permanent representative to the United Nations Peter Wilson told reporters.

Asked about the Egyptian demand for an intervention, Mr. Wilson said, “We are waiting to see what Foreign Minister Shoukry has to say.”

While supporting the Egyptian request, Arab diplomats at the United Nations said they thought it would also require a formal request by the Libyan government.

But Libya currently has two governments and two rival Parliaments, one close to the Fajr Libya coalition and the other recognized by the international community and based in Tobruk.

An intervention “requires a lot of Europeans to come in, it requires a U.N. blessing and it requires also a letter from the Libyan government saying that it will allow troops to get in,” Iraq’s ambassador to the United Nations, Mohamed Ali Alhakim, said. “Without that, the U.N. cannot move.”

U.N. diplomats said they expected no decisions on Wednesday, or even a council statement at the end of the meeting.

Russia and China have been notoriously reluctant to support interventions under a U.N. banner. Moscow accused the United Nations of overstepping its role when it adopted resolutions that led to the international military operation that helped oust Libyan leader Muammar Qadhafi in 2011.

http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/unsc-meet-to-discuss-situation-in-libya/article6906704.ece

Smart City Projects: Factors, Questions and Plan

Even before concrete work begins on the government’s ambitious smart-city project, there seems to be increasing concern over the initiative turning into an elitist concept.

While the National Democratic Alliance government has been striking deals for the project with other countries and international entities (the latest was with Michael Bloomberg, former mayor of New York City), participants at a smart city summit on Tuesday sounded a cautious note, saying the government should think of the project as an “inclusive” venture, not a gated community for the rich and privileged.

The two-day summit is organised by First Smart Cities Council, the India chapter of Global Smart Cities Council, a Washington DC-based research body.

On Monday, it was decided Michael Bloomberg’s Bloomberg Philanthropies would assist the Ministry of Urban Development in selecting cities for the smart city project, on a continuous basis. Japan, Germany, Singapore and the US are among the countries that have expressed interest in partnering the government in this initiative. A signature project of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, it envisages 100 smart cities, most of which will involve upgrade and conversion of existing ones. It is expected Union Budget2015-16 will make a pitch for smart cities; Budget 2014-15 had allocated about Rs 7,000 crore towards this.

A K Jain, architect and town planner and former commissioner (planning) at the Delhi Development Authority, told Business Standard as of now, the project to build 100 smart cities was just “a slogan”. Other government initiatives, such as the Swachh Bharat, housing for all, Clean Ganga and the urban renewal mission, should have been clubbed under this project, Jain said, adding he was against too much foreign participation and a significant role for developers in this initiative. Jain highlights the risk of developers making it a luxury and upmarket project and says there is a need for local expertise to come up with smart cities in India. “We cannot forget the poor; it should not end up as a posh locality.” Tying up with foreign entities could be done later, he said, adding “planning has to be done in-house, with the needs of the local population as the key point”.

Jayesh Ranjan, commissioner of industries, Telangana, also stressed the need to make the smart city project inclusive. If it was a brownfield project (redevelopment of existing cities), chances of smart cities being inclusive were greater, Ranjan said.

He, however, added, this wasn’t a simple project that could be completed quickly and without hurdles. “You need a great deal of patience for the smart city project,” he said, pointing to problems related to “retro-fitting” in case of brownfield projects. He buttressed his argument by citing the lessons learnt from the retro-fitting underway in Cyberabad, which came up as an information technology (IT) hub in 2002, as an amalgamation of four villages. Even after it became an IT park, with companies such as Microsoft setting up offices, the authorities realised much more had to be done. That’s how retro-fitting started, along with several partners, Ranjan said. “Retrofitting is an arduous and long path. There’s nothing instant about it.’’

At the stage of drawing up a master plan, local and regional involvement was important, said P N Rao, founder — director of Urban Development Research Institute. Rao said while drawing up plans, the less privileged should be kept in mind. He concurred with Jain that though 70 per cent of India’s gross domestic product came from urban areas, economic growth should not be the only criterion for a smart city. International participants such as Sabrina Coccia, an expert on smart cities (Paris), said strategy was the primary aspect of the smart city project. It “shouldn’t be about cut and paste” of initiatives taken up by others, she added.

Last month, Shankar Agarwal was shunted from the post of secretary in the urban development ministry and replaced with Madhusudan Prasad from the commerce ministry. While the two-day summit on smart cities is backed by the urban development ministry, no official from the ministry was present.

AIMING BIG

A matter of time

If you thought India was far behind other countries in terms of smart cities, think again. Leaving aside some pockets of Barcelona or Paris, most smart city projects are still in the making, says Pratap Padode, chairman of First Smart Cities Council. These projects include the ambitious Songdo in South Korea and Masdar City in Abu Dhabi. Singapore wasn’t a smart city, Padode said, adding there were “livable cities such as Melbourne and Vancouver”. On being asked the time taken to complete such projects, he said Songdo was work in progress for 12 years, adding it wouldn’t be completed before another five years.

Green concern

Of the buildings in Cyberabad, an information technology hub, 99.9 per cent aren’t ‘Green’, a key benchmark in defining smart cities. Another important aspect in terms of making Cyberabad ‘smart’ is the number of people cycling to work. Jayesh Ranjan, commissioner of industries, Telangana, said against the current 400, the target was to have 4,000 people cycle to work by the end of this year.

The cost factor

Even as much is being talked about financing models for smart cities, one thing is for sure: the cost on brownfield projects (redeveloping existing cities) will be much lower than those on greenfield ones (building fresh cities). Though the National Democratic Alliance government is considering brownfield projects, a negative is it is much tougher to execute such smart city projects, while new smart cities can be rolled out more easily.

Wholesome offerings

If there’s any confusion, smart city trackers like to make it clear — smart cities are very different from smart buildings. Such cities are wholesome, covering everything from technology to security and sustainability to infrastructure. And yes, climate designers, or architects planning according to climate needs, might soon be in vogue.

Banking on technology

In between presentations on data collection and analysis in the context of smart cities, there were lighter moments, too. It was said on being asked why she hadn’t turned up for work, a domestic help told her mistress she had put up the message on a Facebook post, adding, “Sir had liked it, too.”

Solar Power

Being a tropic and Subtropic country ,where solar insolation received is capable to provide cost effectiveness to Solar tech, it is imperative for India to focus on Solar mission , and fulfil task of 2022 100GW,. With Neighbour China target to reach 7Gw every years , India cannot afford to loose this battle . For it to Succeed it need to focus 3 major areas and do the required efforts to fulfil it

1 Speed - In 7 years to touch 100GW mark , that is capacity to be doubled every one and half year. Requires govt swift policies, Advanced price/ tariffs acknowledgment ,Low interest debt finance or Equity finance , green Bonds issued recently by Yes banks , Green bank from National clean energy fund can be used .
~Land which is 3-4% of total cost , Gujrat //KA initiative of Lease bank, raj 25 lease, Mp stamp duty exemption can be used to Encourage entrepreneurs

2Scale - with Such ambitious target , it requires Use of roof top projects, Solar projects spread on wetland via canister, Net metering German policy , Micro grid or decentralised electricity , Solar lantern instead of Kerosene Subsidy .Green corridors of Gujrat and TN can be extended.

3 Skill - With NSDA ,and recent records from 2011 -2014 24k jobs were created , Such can increase to 1.3 million jobs both full time and part time . Also efficient use of land Like in recent canal top project in gujrat can serve as Encouragement for Skill development

green bank, Exchange swap , Easy exit policies , renewable purchase obligation , can help in boosting the Investment. For every 3 Gw , 1 Bn import of Solar is required this could be minimised by R&D , improving domestic competitiveness, reducing import dependence. Large government procurement order For instance similar to LED procurement& distribution Scheme in Delhi and Deen dayal yojana caused to decrease price to 120 from 400 rupees.
~Banks shall be encouraged for Solar finance , and People in area of greater Solar insolation shall be motivated to use it .

Capitalism

Capitalism is characterized by an economic system where means of productions are owned by private firms where goods and services are distributed according to price mechanics rather than govt price controls and there is no intervention on the market by the government.

Capitalist society believes that capitalism expands material well being and technologies.
The reason behind the "economic development" behind Capitalist economy are: 
1. Efficiency : Because of incentives, market pressure, the firms always keep on increasing their efficacy by cutting costs and avoid waste.
2. The market pressure makes firms work hard and be innovative. This increases GDP and improves living standards.

But sometimes that comes with a cost

1. monopoly/monopsony : If monopoly is achieved by a firm in a capitalist economy it will take advantage of its power to fix high prices, low wages to labors, etc.

2. ignorance of social benefits : profit maximizing capitalist firms ignore negative externalities like pollution from production etc.

3. Booms and bust cycles : Capitalist economies are vulnerable to recessions and that causes mass unemployment.

4. Inherited wealth : Wealth can be passed to future generations. This inherited wealth causes wealth inequality and it is a curse to "equality of opportunities"

5.These inequalities cause social divisions.

6. increases the gap between rich and poor.

Capitalist economy helps economic development a lot. in fact, presently there is no suitable alternative to that. But there should be proper government intervention and people friendly economic policies in important fields like health care, transport, education, defense, etc.

Silk Road Economic Belt

The "Silk Road Economic Belt" is a Chinese initiative to integrate
economies of Asia and Europe along the Eurasian corridor with Chinese economy; through
the development of transport infrastructure and communication networks involving
railways, roads & fiber optics highways that would connect South Asia,
South East Asia, Central Asia and Europe along an integrated land corridor.

Intent:

1. 
realize Chinese aspirations of playing an enhanced role
at regional and global levels.

2. 
First step towards establishing Chinese hegemony at
regional and global levels; instead of US $ or Euro, the local currencies &
Renminbi to be dominant means of economic deals.

objectives:

1. 
development: of Chinese
hinterland particularly Xinjiang province which is seeing a lot of ethnic
violence arising out of social problems like poverty, unemployment,
backwardness etc.

2. 
Economic Growth: enhanced connectivity will boost China's
trade with entire Eurasian continent; Chinese overcapacity in construction
materials will be utilized; efficiency improves.

3. 
Enhanced Regional & Global clout: China hopes to
gain closer cultural and political ties with countries along the silk Road.

4. 
Counter US: policy of "Pivot of Asia" and its
trans-pacific partnership agreement which try to contain China and consolidate
American hegemony.

5. 
showcase a softer side of China & gain an upper
hand over regional powers such as India & Japan.

implications for India:

Security:

1. 
Chinese influence in Indian neighbours such as Nepal,
Bhutan may increase.

2. 
encircling India via land corridor just like string of
pearls in Indian Ocean.

Political:

1. 
India's clout at regional level might be reduced.

Economic: if India participates in
the initiative then

1. 
its trade might be boosted with Eurasian economies.

2. 
China may fund infrastructure development in India too.

Conclusion: the need for India is to balance security concerns with economic
benefits to be derived; particularly in the context of Chinese assertiveness.